Literature

The literature cited here is only a small part of the numerous scientific studies on toxic cyanobacteria. As we intended to present the current knowledge as short as possible we cited only the necessary literature. All the scientist, water managers, health officers, and other persons who contributed to this topic through their work are greatfully acknowledged.

Books, reviews, reports

Health risks of cyanobacteria

Annadotter, H., Cronberg, G, Lawton, L., Hansson, H.-B., Göthe, U., Skulberg, O. (2001)
An extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with the toxic
cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyceae) in Scania, South Sweden. In: Chorus, I. (ed.) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, causes, consequences. Springer, Berlin:200-208.

Backer LC, Carmichael W, Kirkpatrick B, Williams C, Irvin M, Zhou Y, Johnson TB, Nierenberg K, Hill VR, Kieszak SM, Cheng Y-S (2008)
Recreational exposure to low concentrations of microcystins during an algal bloom in a small lake. Mar Drugs,. 6(2): p. 389-406.

Backer LC, McNeel SV, Barber T, Kirkpatrick B, Williams C, Irvin M, Zhou Y, Johnson TB, Nierenberg K, Aubel M, LePrell R, Chapman A, Foss A, Corum S, Hill VR, Kieszak SM, Cheng Y-S (2010)
Recreational exposure to microcystins during algal blooms in two California lakes. Toxicon, 2010. 55(5): p. 909-21

Chiu, A.S., Gehringer, M.M., Welch, J.H., Neilan, B.A. (2011)
Does ?~~amino~~?-methylaminopropionic acid (BMAA) play a role in neurodegeneration? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8 (9):3728-3746.

Cohen, S.G. and Reif, C.B. (1953)
Cutaneous sensitization to blue-green algae. J. Allergy 24(5):452-457.

Chorus, I. (2010)
Consequences for public health. In: NOSTOTOX – Development of Toxic Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) in the Course of Declining Trophic State and Global Warming. Final report Download

Dillenberg, H.O. and Dehnel, M.K. (1960)
Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan, 1959. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 83:1151–1154.

Falconer, I.R., Beresford, A.M. and Runnegar, M.T.C. (1983)
Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Med. J. Aust., 1(11):511-514.

Falconer, I.R. and Humpage, A.R. (2005)
Health risk assessment of Cyanobacterial (Blue-green algal) toxins in drinking-water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2(1):43-50.

Giannuzzi, L., Sedan, D., Echenique, R., Andrinolo, D. (2011)
An acute case of intoxication with cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in recreational water in Salto Grande Dam, Argentina. Marine Drugs 9 (11):2164-2175.

Hawkins, P.R., Runnegar, M.T.C., Jackson, A.R.B. and Falconer, I.R. (1985)
Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50(5):1292-1295.

Hindman, S. H., Favero, M. S., Carson, L. A., Petersen, N. J., Schonberger, L. B., Solano, J. T. (1975)
Pyrogenic reactions during haemodialysis caused by extramural endotoxin. The Lancet 2(7938):732-734.

Humpage, A. and Falconer, I. (2002)
Oral toxicity to Swiss albino mice of the cyanobacterial toxin Cylindrospermopsin administered daily over 11 weeks. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Research Report No. 13

Jochimsen, E.M., Carmichael, W.W., An, J., Cardo, D.M., Cookson, S.T., Holmes, C.E.M., Antunes, M.B. de C., Filho, D.A. de M., Lyra, T.M., Barreto, V.S.T., Azevedo, S.M.F.O. and Jarvis, W.R. (1998)
Liver failure and death following exposure to microcystin toxins at a dialysis center in Brazil. N. Eng. J. Med. 338:873-878.

Karamyan, V.T. and Speth, R.C. (2008)
Animal models of BMAA neurotoxicity: A critical review. Life Sciences 82(5-6):233-246.

Kuiper-Goodman, T., Falconer, I. R., and Fitzgerald, D. J. (1999)
Human health aspects. In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (I. Chorus and J. Bartram, Eds.), E & FN Spon, London:114-153.

Lee, M. and McGeer, P.L. (2012)
Weak BMAA toxicity compares with that of the dietary supplement beta-alanine. Neurobiol. of Aging 33(7):1440-1447.

Pilotto, L.S., Douglas, R.M., Burch, M.D., Cameron, S., Beers, M., Rouch, G.R., Robinson, P., Kirk, M., Cowie, C.T., Hardiman, S., Moore, C. and Attewell, R.G. (1997)
Health effects of recreational exposure to cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) during recreational water-related activities. Aust. NZ. J. Public Health 21:562-566.

Stewart, I., Seawright, A.A., Schluter, P.J., Shaw, G.R. (2006)
Primary irritant and delayed-contact hypersensitivity reactions to the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and its associated toxin cylindrospermopsin. BMC Dermatology 6:5 Download

Stewart I, Webb PM, Schluter PJ, Fleming LE, Burns Jr, JW, Gantar M, Backer LC, Shaw GR (2006) Epidemiology of recreational exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria – An international prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 6:art. no. 93

Stewart I, Robertson IM, Webb PM, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR (2006)
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to freshwater cyanobacteria – Human volunteer studies. BMC Dermatology 6, art. no. 6

Stewart I, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR (2006)
Cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides and human health – A review. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 5 , art. no. 7

Teixeira, M.G.L.C., Costa, M.C.N., Carvalho, V.L.P., Pereira, M.S. and Hage, E. (1993)
Gastroenteritis epidemic in the area of the Itaparica Dam, Bahia, Brazil. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 27(3):244-253.

Tisdale, E. (1931)
Epidemic of intestinal disorders in Charleston, WVa, occurring simultaneously with unprecented water supply conditions. Am. J. Public Health 21:198-200.

Turner, Paul C.; Gammie, Alistair J.; Hollinrake, Kenneth; Codd, Geoffrey A.(1990)
Pneumonia associated with contact with cyanobacteria. BMJ: British Med. J. 300(6737):1440-1441.

Török, A., Pálovics, Á., Bánki, M. (2001)
Allergenic (sensitization, skin and eye irritation) effects of freshwater cyanobacteria-Experimental evidence. Environ. Toxicol. 16(6): 512-516.

Yu, S.-Z. (1989)
Drinking water and primary liver cancer. In: Z.Y. Tang, M.C. Wu and S.S. Xia [Eds] Primary Liver Cancer. China Academic Publishers, New York:30-37.

Yu, S.-Z. (1995)
Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10(6):674-82.

Guideline values and regulations

Occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins

Akcaalan, R., Young, F.M., Metcalf, J.S., Morrison, L.F., Albay, M., Codd, G.A. (2006)
Microcystin analysis in single filaments of Planktothrix spp. in laboratory cultures and environmental blooms. Water Res. 40(8):1583-1590.

Bláhová L., Babica, P., Adamovský, O., Kohoutek, J., Maršálek, B., Bláha, L. (2008)
Analyses of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin) in the reservoirs of the Czech Republic and evaluation of health risks. Environ Chem. Lett. 6(4):223-227.

Briand, J.F., Jacquet, S., Flinois, C., Avois-Jacquet, C., Maisonnette, C., Leberre, B., Humbert, J.F. (2005)
Variations in the microcystin production of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) assessed from a four-year survey of Lac du Bourget (France) and from laboratory experiments. Microb. Ecol. 50(3):418-428.

Bumke-Vogt, C., Mailahn, W., Chorus, I. (1999)
Anatoxin-a and neurotoxic cyanobacteria in German lakes and reservoirs. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):117–125.

Carrasco, D., Moreno, E., Paniagua, T., Hoyos, C.D., Wormer, L., Sanchis, D., Cirés, S., Martín-Del-Pozo, D., Codd, G.A., Quesada, A. (2007)
Anatoxin-a occurrence and potential cyanobacterial anatoxin-a producers in Spanish reservoirs. J. Phycol. 43(6):1120-1125.

Deblois, C.P. and Juneau, P. (2010)
Relationship between photosynthetic processes and microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa grown under different photon irradiances. Harmful Algae 9(1):18-24.

Fastner, J., Erhard, M., Carmichael, W.W., Sun, F., Rinehart, K.L., Ronicke, H., Chorus, I. (1999)
Characterization and diversity of microcystins in natural blooms and strains of the genera Microcystis and Planktothrix from German freshwaters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 145:147-163.

Fastner, J., Neumann, U., Wirsing, B., Weckesser, J., Wiedner, C., Nixdorf, B., Chorus, I. (1999)
Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh water bodies. Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):13-22.

Fastner, J., Erhard, M., von Döhren, H. (2001)
Determination of oligopeptide diversity within a natural population of Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) by typing single colonies by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 67(3-12):5069-5076.

Fastner, J., Heinze, R., Humpage, A.R., Mischke, U., Eaglesham, G.K., Chorus, I. (2003)
Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobakteria) isolates. Toxicon 42(3):313-321.

Fastner, J., Rücker, J., Stüken, A., Preussel, K., Nixdorf, B., Chorus, I., Köhler, A., Wiedner, C. (2007)
Occurrence of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin in Northeast Germany. Environ. Toxicol. 22(1):26-32.

Graham, J.L., Loftin, K.A., Meyer, M.T., Ziegler, A.C. (2010)
Cyanotoxin mixtures and taste-and-odor compounds in cyanobacterial blooms from the Midwestern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(19):7361-7368.

Ha, J.H., Hidaka, T., Tsuno, H. (2011)
Analysis of factors affecting the ratio of microcystin to chlorophyll-a in cyanobacterial blooms using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Environ. Toxicol. 26(1):21-28.

Hayes, P.K., Barker, G.L.A., Batley, J., Beard, S.J., Handley, B.A., Vacharapiyasophon, P., Walsby, A.E. (2002)
Genetic diversity within populations of cyanobacteria assessed by analysis of single filaments. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81:197-202.

Hedman, C.J., Krick, W.R., Karner Perkins, D.A., Harrahy, E.A., Sonzogni, W.C. (2008)
New measurements of cyanobacterial toxins in natural waters using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J. Environ. Qual. 37(5):1817-1824.

Henriksen, P. and Moestrup, O. (1997)
Seasonal variations in microcystin contents of Danish cyanobacteria. Natural Toxins 5(3):99-106.

Henriksen, P. (2001)
Toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in Denmark. In: I. Chorus (ed). Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer Verlag, Berlin:49-56.

James, K.J., Sherlock, I.R., Stack, M.A. (1997)
Anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and cyanobacteria, determined using a new fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method. Toxicon 35(6):963-971.

Kemp, A. and John, J. (2006)
Microcystins associated with Microcystis dominated blooms in the Southwest wetlands, Western Australia. Environ. Toxicol. 21(2):125-130.

Kurmayer, R., Christiansen, G., Fastner, J., Börner, T. (2004)
Abundance of active and inactive microcystin genotypes in populations of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix spp. Environ. Microbiol. 6(8):831-841.

Kurmayer, R., Christiansen, G., Gumpenberger, M., Fastner, J. (2005)
Genetic identification of microcystin ecotypes in toxic cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix. Microbiology 151(5):1525-1533.

Mazur, H. and Plinska, M. (2003)
Nodularia spumigena blooms and the occurrence of hepatotoxin in the Gulf of Gdansk. Oceanologia 45(2):305-316.

Messineo, V., Bogialli, S., Melchiorre, S., Sechi, N., Lugliè, A.G.L., Casiddu, P., Mariani, M.A., Padedda, B. M., Di Corcia, A., Mazza, R. Carloni, E. and Bruno, M. (2009)
Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters. Limnologica 39(2):95-106.

Namikoshi, M., Murakami, T., Watanabe, M.F., Oda, T., Yamada, J., Tsujimura, S., Nagai, H., Oishi, S. (2003)
Simultaneous production of homoanatoxin-a, anatoxin-a, and a new non-toxic 4-hydroxyhomoanatoxin-a by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja. Oxicon 42(5):533-538.

Naselli-Flores, L., Barone, R., Chorus, I., Kurmayer, R. (2007)
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs under a semiarid Mediterranean climate: The magnification of a problem. Environ. Toxicol. 22(4):399-404.

Ozawa, K., Fujioka, H., Muranaka, M., Yokoyama, A., Karagami, Y., Homma, T., Ishikawa, K., Tsujimura, S., Kumagai, M., Watanabe, M.F., Park, H.-D. (2005)
Spatial distribution and temporal variation of Microcystis species composition and microcystin concentration in Lake Biwa. Environ. Toxicol. 20(3):270-276.

Pomati, F., Sacchi, S., Rossetti, C., Giovannardi, S., Onodera, H., Oshima, Y., Neilan, B.A. (2000)
The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. FP1: Molecular identification and detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J. Phycol. 36(3):553–562.

Preussel, K., Stüken, A., Wiedner, C., Chorus, I., Fastner, J. (2006)
First report on cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes. Toxicon 47(2):156–162.

Preussel, K., Wessel, G., Fastner, J., Chorus, I. (2009)
Response of cylindrospermopsin production and release in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) to varying light and temperature conditions. Harmful Algae 8(5):645-650.

Rapala, J., Robertson, A., Negri, A.P., Berg, K.A., Tuomi, P., Lyra, C., Erkomaa, K., Lahti, K., Hoppu, K., Lepistö, L. (2005)
First report of saxitoxin in Finnish lakes and possible associated effects on human health. Environ. Toxicol. 20(3):331-340.

Rücker, J., Stüken, A., Nixdorf, B., Fastner, J., Chorus, I., Wiedner, C. (2007)
Concentrations of particulate and dissolved cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in 21 Aphanizomenon dominated lakes of North East Germany. Toxicon 50(6):800-809.

Selwood, A.I., Holland, P.T., Wood, S.A., Smith, K.F., Mcnabb, P.S. (2007)
Production of anatoxin-a and a novel biosynthetic precursor by the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(2):506-510.

Shaw, G.R., McKenzie, R.A., Wickramasinghe, W.A., Seawright, A.A., Eaglesham, G.K., Moore, M.R. (2004)
Comparative toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin between mice and cattle: human implications. In: Steidinger KA, JH Landsberg, CR Tomas and GA Vargo (Eds.) Proceedings of the Xth Conference on Harmful Algae, October 2002, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.

Sivonen, K. and Jones, G. (1999)
Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Chorus I, Bartram J, editors. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. Für WHO durch E & FN Spon, London:41-112.

Spoof, L., Vesterkvist, P., Lindholm, T., Meriluoto, J. (2003)
Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin in environmental water samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography- electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J. Chromato. A 1020(1):105-119.

Via-Ordorika, L., Fastner, J., Kurmayer, R., Hisbergues, M., Dittmann, E., Komárek, J., Erhard, M., Chorus, I. (2004)
Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27(5):592-602.

Viaggiu, E., Melchiorre, S., Volpi, F., Di Corcia, A., Mancini, R., Garibaldi, L., Crichigno, G., Bruno, M. (2004)
Anatoxin-a toxin in the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens from a fishing pond in northern Italy. Environ. Toxicol. 19(3):191-197.

Welker, M., Steinberg, C., Jones, G. (2001)
Release and persistence of microcystins in natural waters. In: I. Chorus (ed.) Cyanotoxins – Occurrence, causes, consequences. Springer, Berlin:83-101.

Welker, M., Christiansen, G., von Döhren, H. (2004)
Diversity of coexisting Planktothrix (Cyanobacteria) chemotypes deduced by mas spectral analysis of microcystins and other oligopeptides. Arch. Microbiol. 182(4):288-298.

Welker, M., Khan, S., Haque, M.M., Islam, S., Khan, N.H., Chorus, I., Fastner, J. (2005)
Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in surface waters of rural Bangladesh: Pilot study. J. Water and Health 3(4):325-337.

Wiedner, C., Visser, P.M., Fastner, J., Metcalf, J., Codd, G.A., Mur, L.R. (2003)
Effects of light on the microcystin content of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(3):1475-1481.

Wood, S.A., Holland, P.T., Stirling, D.J., Briggs, L.R., Sprosen, J., Ruck, J.G., Wear, R.G. (2006)
Survey of cyanotoxins in New Zealand water bodies between 2001 and 2004. NZ J. Marine Freshwater Res. 40(4):585-597.

Wood, S.A., Rasmussen, J.P., Holland, P.T., Campbell, R., Crowe, A.L.M. (2007)
First report of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a from Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 43(2):356–365.

Znachor, P., Jurczak, T., Komarkova, J., Jezberova, J., Mankiewicz, J., Kastovska, K., Zapomelova, E. (2006)
Summer changes in cyanobacterial bloom composition and microcystin concentration in eutrophic Czech reservoirs. Environ. Toxicol. 21(3):236-243.

Management of water bodies to control eutrophication and proliferation of cyanobacteria

Bernhardt H., Clasen J. (1982)
Limnological effects of the elimination of phosphorus from the Wahnbach Reservoir. Wat. Sci. Tech. 14(4-5):397–406.

Brüning, K., Schmidt, M., Rajewski, T., Dakos, V., Hallebach, R. (2004)
Strategien zur Vermeidung des Vorkommens ausgewählter Algen- und Cyanobakterienmetabolite im Rohwasser, Teilprojekt: Schutzkonzept gegenüber Nährstoffeinträgen. Projektbericht BMBF, Fördernkennzeichen 02WT9852/7

Chorus, I. and Schauser, I. (2011)
Oligotrophication of Lake Tegel and Schlachtensee, Berlin – Analysis of system components, causalities and response thresholds. Texte Nr. 45/2011, Umweltbundesamt. Download

Cooke, G.D., Welch, E.B., Peterson, S.A., Nichols, S.A. (2005)
Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Carvalho L., McDonald C., de Hoyos C., Mischke U., Philipps G., Borics G., Poikane S., Skjelbred B., Lyche Solheim A. Van Wichelen J., Cardoso A. C. (2013)
Sustaining recreational quality of European lakes: minimizing the health risks from algal blooms through phosphorus control. J. Appl. Ecol. 50:315–323.

DeBusk T.A., Dierberg F.E., Reddy K.R. (2001)
The use of macrophyte-based systems for phosphorus removal: An overview of 25 years of research and operational results in Florida. Wat. Sci. Tech. 44(11):39-46.

Dokulil M.T, Jagsch A.(1992)
The effects of reduced phosphorus and nitrogen loading on phytoplankton in Mondsee, Austria. Hydrobiologia 243-244(1):389-394.

Elliott, J.A., Jones, I.D., Page, T. (2009)
The importance of nutrient source in determining the influence of retention time on phytoplankton: An explorative modelling study of a naturally well-flushed lake. Hydrobiologia 627(1):129-142.

Edmondson W.T., Lehman J.T. (1981)
The effect of changes in the nutrient income on the condition of Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26(1):1-29.

Effler S.W., O’Donnell S.M., Prestigiacomo A.R., Matthews D.A., Auer M.T. (2013)
Retrospective analyses of inputs of municipal wastewater effluent and coupled impacts on an urban lake. Wat. Env. Res. 81(5):13-26.

Hamm A. (1978)
Nutrient load and nutrient balance of some subalpine lakes after sewage diversion. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:975-984.

Haslauer J. jr, Moog O., Pum M. (1984)
The effect of sewage removal on lake water quality (Fuschlsee, Salzburg, Austria). Arch. Hydrobiol. 101:113-134.

Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J.P., Sondergaard, M., Lauridsen, T., Pedersen, L.J., Jensen, L. (1997)
Top down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes amd water depths. Hydrobiologia 342/343:151-164.

Jeppesen, E., Sondergaard, Ma., Sondergaard, Mo., Christoffersen, K. (Hrsg.) (1997)
The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes. Ecological Studies. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Jeppesen E., Søndergaard M., Jensen J.P., Havens K., Anneville O., Carvalho L., Coveney M.F., Deneke R., Dokulil M., Foy B., Gerdeaux D., Hampton S.E., Kangur K., Köhler J., Körner S., Lammens E., Lauridsen T.L., Manca M., Miracle R., Moss B., Nöges P., Persson G., Phillips G., Portielje R., Romo S., Schelske C.L., Straile D., Tatrai I., Willen E., Winder M. (2005)
Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading—an analysis of contemporarylong-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biol. 50:1747–1771.

Jeppesen E., Søndergaard M., Meerhoff M., Lauridsen T.L., Jensen J.P. (2007)
Shallow lake restoration by nutrient loading reduction – some recent findings and challenges ahead. Hydrobiologia 584: 239–252.

Jost B., Leumann P., Liechti P., Stadelmann P. (1991)
Restoration of eutrophied Swiss lakes. Eur Wat Poll Contr 1(1):31-41.

Kasprzak P., Benndorf J., Gonsiorczyk T., Koschel R., Krienitz L., Mehner T., Hülsmann S., Schultz H., Wagner A. (2007)
Reduction of nutrient loading and biomanipulation as tools in water quality management: Long-term observations on Bautzen Reservoir and Feldberger Haussee (Germany). Lake and Reservoir Management 23(4):410-427.

Lürling, M. and Faassen, E.J. (2012)
Controlling toxic cyanobacteria: Effects of dredging and phosphorus-binding clay on cyanobacteria and microcystins. Water Res. 46(5):1447-1459.

Padisák, J., Köhler, J., Hoeg, S. (1999)
The effect of changing flushing rates on development of late summer Aphanizomenon and Microcystis populations in a shallow lake, Müggelsee, Berlin, Germany. In: J. G. Tundisi, Milan Straškraba (eds) Theoretical reservoir ecology and its applications. University of Michigan, pp. 413-423.

Schauser I., Chorus I. (2007)
Assessment of internal and external lake restoration measures for two Berlin lakes. Lake Reserv Manage 23(4):366-376.

Schauser I., Chorus I., Heinzmann B. (2006)
Strategy and current status of combating eutrophication in two Berlin lakes for safeguarding drinking water resources. Wat. Sci. Techn. 54(11-12):93-100.

Visser, P.M., Ibelings, B.W., Van der Veer, B., Koedood, J., Mur, L.R. (1996)
Artificial mixing prevents nuisance blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Nieuwe Meer, the Netherlands. Freshwater Biol. 36(2):435-450.

Visser, P.M., Passarge, J., Mur, L.R. (1997)
Modelling vertical migration of the cyanobacterium Microcystis. Hydrobiologia 349:99-109.

Vollenweider, R. (1975)
Input-output models with special reference to the phosphorus loading concept in limnology. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 37:53–84.

Vollenweider, R. (1976)
Advances in defining critical loading levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 33:53–83.

Vollenweider, R. (1982)
Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control. OECD, Paris: 154 pp

Drinking water treatment

Clasen, J., Mischke, U., Drikas, M., Chow, C.W.K. (2000)
An improved method for detecting electrophoretic mobility of algae during the destabilisation process of flocculation: flocculant demand of different species and the impact of DOC. J. Water Supply: Res. Technol. – aqua 49(2):89-101.

Corala, L.A., de Oliveira Proençab, L.A., de Jesus Bassettic, F., Lapollia, F.R. (2011)
Nanofiltration membranes applied to the removal of saxitoxin and congeners. Desalination and Water treatment 27(1-3): 8-17.

Dixon, M.B., Richard, Y., Ho, L., Chow, C.W.K., O’Neill, B.K., Newcombe, G. (2011)
Integrated membrane systems incorporating coagulation, activated carbon and ultrafiltration for the removal of toxic cyanobacterial metabolites from Anabaena circinalis. Water Sci. Technol. 63(7):1405–1411.

Dixon, M.B., Falconet, C., Ho, L., Chow, C.W.K., O’Neill, B.K., Newcombe, G. (2011)
Removal of cyanobacterial metabolites by nanofiltration from two treated waters. J. Hazardous Materials 188(1-3):288-295.

Drikas, M., Chow, C.W.K., House, J., Burch, M. (2001)
Using coagulation, flocculation, and settling to remote toxic cyanobacteria. J. American Water Works Ass. 93(2):100-111.

Gijsbertsen- Abrahamse, A.J., Schmidt, W., Chorus, I., Heijman, S.G.J. (2006)
Removal of cyanotoxins by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. J. Membrane Sci. 276(1-2):252-259.

Grützmacher, G., Wessel, G., Klitzke, S., Chorus, I. (2010)
Microcystin elimination during sediment contact. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(2):657-62.

Ho, L., Meyn, T., Keegan, A., Hoefel, D., Brookes, J., Saint, C.P., Newcombe, G. (2006)
Bacterial degradation of microcystin toxins within a biologically active sand filter. Water Res. 40(4):768-74.

Ho, L., Lambling, P., Bustamante, H., Duker, P., Newcombe, G. (2011)
Application of powdered activated carbon for the adsorption of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin toxins from drinking water supplies. Water Res. 45(9):2954-2964.

Ho, L., Dreyfus, J., Boyer, J., Lowe, T., Bustamante, H., Duker, P., Meli, T., Newcombe, G. (2012)
Fate of cyanobacteria and their metabolites during water treatment sludge management processes. Sci. Total Environ. 424:232-238.

Ho, L., Sawade, E., Newcombe, G.
Biological treatment options for cyanobacteria metabolite removal – A review. Water Res. 46(5):1536-1548.

Klitzke, S., Apelt, S., Weiler, C., Fastner, J., Chorus, I.(2010)
Retention and degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in sediments – The role of sediment preconditioning and DOM composition. Toxicon 55(5):999-1007.

Klitzke, S., Beusch, C., Fastner, J. (2011)
Sorption of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a to sediments. Water Res. 45(3):1338–1346.

Neumann, U. and Weckesser, J. (1998)
Elimination of microcystin peptide toxins from water by reverse osmosis. Env. Tox. Water Quality 13(2):143–148.

Newcombe, G. and Nicholson, B. (2004)
Water treatment options for dissolved cyanotoxins. J. Water Supply: Res. Technol. – aqua 53(4):227-239.

Onstad, G.D., Strauch, S., Meriluoto, J., Codd, G.A., Von Gunten, U. (2007)
Selective oxidation of key functional groups in cyanotoxins during drinking water ozonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(12):4397-4404.

Orr, P.T, Jones, G.T., Hamilton, G.R. (2004)
Removal of saxitoxins from drinking water by granular activated carbon, ozone and hydrogen peroxide—implications for compliance with the Australian drinking water guidelines. Water Res. 38(20):4297-4538.

Pietsch, J., Bornmann, K., Schmidt, W. (2002)
Relevance of Intra- and Extracellular Cyanotoxins for Drinking Water Treatment. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 30(1):7–15.

Rodríguez, E., Onstad, G.D., Kull, T.P., Metcalf, J.S., Acero, J.L., von Gunten, U. (2007)
Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate. Water Res. 41(15):3381-3393.

Schmidt, W., Willmitzer, H., Bornmann, K., Pietsch, J. (2002)
Production of drinking water from raw water containing cyanobacteria – pilot plant studies for assessing the risk of microcystin breakthrough. Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):375-385.

Shi, H., Ding, J., Timmons, T., Adams, C. (2012)
PH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbon 2012. Harmful Algae 19:61-67.

Teixeira, M.R., Sousa, V., Rosa, M.J. (2010)
Investigating dissolved air flotation performance with cyanobacterial cells and filaments. Water Res. 44(11):3313-3344.

Zamyadi, A., Ho, L., Newcombe, G., Daly, R.I., Burch, M., Baker, P., Prevost, M. (2010)
Release and oxidation of cell-bound saxitoxins during chlorination of Anabaena circinalis cells. Environ. Sci. Techol. 44(23):9055–9061.

Methods - cyanotoxins, cyanobacteria, lake parameter

Cyanotoxins

Dell’Aversano, C., Eaglesham, G.K., Quilliam, M.A. (2004)
Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromato. A 1028(1):155–164.

Faassen, E.J., Gillissen, F., Lürling, M. (2012)
A comparative study on three analytical methods for the determination of the neurotoxin BMAA in cyanobacteria. PLoS ONE 7 (5).

Fastner, J., Codd, G.A., Metcalf, J.S., Woike, P., Wiedner, C., Ukilen, H. (2002)
An international intercomparson exercise for the determination of purified microcystin-LR and microcystins in cyanobacterial field material. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374(3):437–444.

Fastner, J., Flieger, I., Neumann, U. (1998)
Optimised Extraction of Microcystins from Field Samples – a Comparson of Different Solvents and Procedures. Water Res. 32(10):3177–3181

Furey, A., Crowley, J., Hamilton, B., Lehane, M., James, K.J. (2005)
Strategies to avoid the mis-identification of anatoxin-a using mass spectrometry in the forensic investigation of acute neurotoxic poisoning. J. Chromato. A 1082(1):91-97.

Gurbuz, F. , Metcalf, J.S., Codd, G.A., Karahan, A.G. (2012)
Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) for the Determination of Microcystins in Cyanobacteria. Environ. Forensics 13(2):105-109.

Hyenstrand, P., Metcalf, J.S., Beattie, K.A., Codd, G.A. (2001)
Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by high performance liquid chromatography. Water Res. 35(14):3508-3511.

Humpage, A.R., Magalhaes, V.F., Froscio, S.M. (2010)
Comparison of analytical tools and biological assays for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chemistry 397(5):1655-1671.

Humpage AR, Froscio SM, Lau H.-M., Murphy D, Blackbeard J (2012)
Evaluation of the Abraxis Strip Test for Microcystins™ for use with wastewater effluent and reservoir water. Wat Res 46(5):1556-1565

ISO 20179 (2005)
Water Quality: Determination of microcystins – method by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultra-violet detection (UV). ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.

Lawton, L.A., Edwards, C., Codd, G.A. (1994)
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters. Analyst 119(7):1525-1530.

Lawton, L.A. and Edwards, C. (2008)
Conventional laboratory methods for cyanotoxins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 619:513-537.

Harada, K.-I., Kondo, F., Lawton, L.A. (1999)
Laboratory Analysis of Cyanotoxins. In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.) Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. E & FN Spon, London:369-405. Download

Oehrle, S.A., Southwell, B., Westrick, J. (2009)
Detection of various freshwater cyanobacterial toxins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 55(5):965-972.

Ortea, P.M., Allis, O., Healy, B.M., Lehane, M., Shuilleabháin, A.N., Furey, A., James, K.J. (2004)
Determination of toxic cyclic heptapeptides by liquid chromatography with detection using ultra-violet, protein phosphatase assay and tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 55(10):1395-1402.

Spoof, L., Vesterkvist, P., Lindholm, T., Meriluoto, J. (2003)
Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin in environmental water samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J. Chromato. A 1020(1):105-119.

Triantis, T, Tsimeli, K., Kaloudis, T., Thanassoulias, N., Lytras, E., Hiskia, A. (2010)
Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon 55(5):979-989.

Turrell, E., Stobo, L., Lacaze, J.P., Piletsky, S., Piletska, E. (2008)
Optimization of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and development of solid-phase extraction for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J. AOAC Int. 91(6):1372-1386.

Cyanobacteria

Catherine, A., Escoffier, N., Belhocine, A., Nasri, A.B., Hamlaoui, S., Yéprémian, C., Bernard, C. , Troussellier, M. (2012)
On the use of the FluoroProbe ®, a phytoplankton quantification method based on fluorescence excitation spectra for large-scale surveys of lakes and reservoirs. Water Res. 46(6):1771-1784.

DIN 38412-16 (1985-12)
Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung; Testverfahren mit Wasserorganismen (Gruppe L); Bestimmung des Chlorophyll-a-Gehaltes von Oberflächenwasser (L 16)

BS EN 15204:2006
Water quality. Guidance standard on the enumeration of phytoplankton using inverted microscopy (Utermoehl technique).

Hunter, P. D., Tyler, A.N., Carvalho, L., Codd, G.A., Maberly, S. C. (2010)
Hyperspectral remote sensing of cyanobacterial pigments as indicators for cell populations and toxins in eutrophic lakes. Remote Sensing Environ. 114(11):2705-2718.

ISO 10260 (1992-07)
Wasserbeschaffenheit; Bestimmung von biochemischen Parametern; Photometrische Bestimmung der Chlorophyll-a-Konzentration

Lawton, L., Marsalek, B., Padisak, J., Chorus, I. (1999)
Determination of cyanobacteria in the laboratory. In: I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.)Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. E & FN Spon, London: 369-405. Download

McQuaid, N., Zamyadi, A., Prévost, M., Bird, D.F., Dorner, S. (2011)
Use of in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence to monitor potential microcystin-producing cyanobacterial biovolume in a drinking water source. J. Environ. Monit. 13(2):455-463.

Schmidt, W., H. Petzoldt, K. Bornmann, L. Imhof and C. Moldaenke (2009)
Use of cyanopigment determination as an indicator of cyanotoxins in drinking water. Wat. Sci. Techn. 59(8): 1531-1540.

Lake parameter

EN ISO 6878:2004-09
Water quality – Determination of phosphorus – Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method.

Davies-Colley R.J., W. N. Vant, D. G. Smith (2003)
Colour and Clarity of Natural Waters: Science and Management of Optical Water Quality. Blackburn Press.

Water quality and pollution by nutrients
European Environment Agency

Design of monitoring programs (1999)
In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (1999). I. Chorus, J. Bartram (eds.). Download

Fieldwork: site inspection and sampling (1999)
In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (1999). I. Chorus, J. Bartram (eds.). Download